|
|
|
Fifth Triennial Toxicology Salary Survey
Shayne C. Gad
Gad Consulting Services, Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.A.
The 2001 Triennial
Toxicology Salary Survey was conducted as a joint project by the
American College of Toxicology and the Society of Toxicology. In
addition to the two parent organizations, 20 others (the Teratology
Society, the Association of Government Toxicologists, and 17* regional
chapters of the Society of Toxicology) supported the effort by providing
mailing labels for their membership.
A total of 5,826 survey instruments were distributed in June/July,
with 114 of these eventually being returned as undeliverable, making
the effective mailing 5,712. As of December 31, 2,459 responses
had been received, for a response rate of 43%. This is comparable
to the response rates for 1988 (Gad, 1989), 1991 (Gad, 1992) 1995
(Gad, 1996) and 1998(Gad, 1999). The survey instrument was a modification
of that used in the previous four surveys, with the major change
being an expansion of response categories for the upper end of the
salary and bonus ranges. It should be noted that there continues
to be a significant increase in the number of individuals reporting
six-figure incomes and in those receiving significant sums as bonuses,
as is reflected particularly in Tables 1 and 4. Survey methodology
employed conformed to standard procedures (Rossi et al, 1983), though
the response rate for this survey remains high for such endeavors.
A total of 1,711 of the respondents (1,229 men and 484 women) were
full-time employed holders of doctoral degrees in the U.S. and Canada
out of a total adjusted mailing of 3,312 for this doctoral degree
group (for a 51.5% response rate). Table 1 presents the mean salaries
(± one standard deviation) for these individuals, sorted
by years of experience after receipt of their degrees, sex, and
field of employment. Salaries are in thousands of U.S. dollars per
year.
The mean salaries (± 1 SD) for the 154 master's-level respondents
are presented in Table 2. Likewise, the results from the 180 bachelor's-level
respondents are presented in Table 3. The remaining respondents
were not employed full-time during the reporting period and are
characterized as follows:
Only three associates
level responses were received, all from contract laboratory employment
*Two regionals
used email1 to distribute surveys and for member responses.
As expected (based on feedback in the 1998 survey), response rates
for these were lower than for other regionals.
Table 1. 2001 Doctoral-Level Salaries
| |
|
|
Years experience post-terminal
degree |
|
Employer |
Sex |
Number of respondents |
0-1 |
1-3 |
3-5 |
5-10 |
10-20 |
20+ |
| Consumer
product |
M
F |
50
23 |
-
- |
75
- |
85
85 |
83 (75-95)
88.3 (75-105) |
118.6 (95-150)
90 (59-105) |
155.1 (100-200)
126 (115-140)
|
| Pharmaceutical
industry |
M
F |
287
98 |
-
- |
75 (65-85)
75 (65-85) |
82.5 (75-95)
78.3 (75-85) |
98.9 (85-109)
101.6 (85-120) |
120.5 (106-140)
114.4 (89-135) |
150.3 (117-180)
123.3 (87-150) |
| Consultants |
M
F |
65
30 |
-
45 |
65
65 |
95
72.5 (65-77) |
89 (75-105)
87.5 (65-105) |
96 (85-115)
102.9 (78-133) |
117 (65-148)
111.7 (105-115) |
| Consultants
(self-employed)* |
M
F |
66
26 |
-
- |
-
- |
-
- |
-
133 |
193 (115-300)
154 (65-350) |
178 (20-500+)
217.5 (20-400+) |
| Chemical
industry |
M
F |
111
50 |
65
65 |
65
75 (65-85) |
80 (75-85)
85 |
91.7 (77-124)
82.2 (67-94) |
103.5 (84-121)
99.3 (86-114) |
120.8 (108-145)
107 (95-115) |
| Contract
research |
M
F |
133
47 |
45 (35-55)
55 (35-60) |
50 (35-75)
57 (37-73) |
81 (65-105)
- |
83.6 (76-115)
76.7 (55-95) |
96.9 (78-120)
88.6 (75-97) |
125.7 (95-150)
115.7 (90-119) |
| Academic |
M
F |
268
106 |
35
45 |
37.5 (27-39)
41.6 (35-55) |
38.5 (35-45)
49 (45-55) |
66 (37-87)
55.7 (37-73) |
83.7 (66-107)
75.8 (56-107) |
111.7 (88-140)
82.9 (38-119) |
| State/local
government |
M
F |
58
17 |
-
- |
-
45 |
70
20 |
65 (55-85)
65 (55-75) |
77.2 (67-89)
72.5 (55-85) |
84.2 (74-98)
78.3 (65-87) |
| Federal
government |
M
F |
136
61 |
-
- |
55
37.5 (35-45) |
60 (55-65)
65 (55-75) |
68.3 (57-76)
63.3 (55-75) |
79.5 (74-97)
80.6 (67-98) |
95.9 (86-114)
102.6 (87-117) |
| Petrochemical |
M
F |
14
3 |
-
- |
-
- |
-
- |
-
- |
108 (95-126)
115 (95-135) |
115 (90-135)
- |
| Others |
M
F |
39
14 |
-
- |
55
75 |
60 (55-65)
55 (45-70) |
88 (65-105)
70 (55-85) |
128 (95-155)
101.7 (75-115) |
131 (105-170)
135 9115-160) |
Note: Salaries are in thousands of U.S. dollars: mean (range
for ± 1 SD). In 24/49 cases, male salaries
were higher than females-even split..
* Two subpopulations are apparent here (above and below $100K).
Ranges are presented for these instead of SD.
Table 2. 2001 Master’s-level salaries
| |
|
|
Years experience post-terminal degree |
|
Employer |
Sex |
Number of
respondents |
0-1 |
1-3 |
3-5 |
5-10 |
10-20 |
20+ |
| Consumer
product |
M
F |
6
9 |
-
45 |
-
65 |
-
65 |
70 (65-75)
60 (55-65) |
-
75 |
101.7 (95-105)
85 |
| Pharmaceutical
industry |
M
F |
29
22 |
-
20 |
-
55 |
50 (45-55)
- |
60 (55-65)
75 (65-85) |
77.1 (75-105)
92.5 (77-105) |
75 (65-85)
95 (65-125) |
| Consultants |
M
F |
18
26 |
-
- |
35
- |
65 (55-75)
45 |
-
65 (45-75) |
98.7 (67-115)
87 (67-115) |
98.8 (75-140)
50 (35-65) |
| Chemical
industry |
M
F |
19
7 |
-
- |
65
- |
60 (55-65)
65 |
-
65 |
108 (95-115)
85 (55-115) |
107.5 (85-130)
95 |
| Contract
research |
M
F |
7
16 |
-
- |
-
45 |
-
55 |
-
54 (54-65) |
106.6 (75-122)
65 (45-75) |
60 (45-75)
115 |
| Academic |
M
F |
1
9 |
20
20 |
-
25 |
-
25 |
-
28 (15-35) |
-
- |
-
- |
| State/local
government |
M
F |
1
9 |
-
- |
-
35 |
-
- |
45
35 |
-
60.2 (55-65) |
-
75 (65-85) |
| Federal
government |
M
F |
12
12 |
-
- |
50 (45-55)
45 |
-
50 (45-55) |
55
45 |
65 (55-75)
79.9 (69-95) |
75 (65-85)
75 |
| Others |
M
F |
6
10 |
-
25 |
-
- |
65
60 (55-65) |
35 (25-45)
65 |
65
75 (55-95) |
117 (75-160)
105 |
Note: Salaries are in thousands of U.S. dollars: mean (range
for ± 1 SD).
Table 3. 2001 Bachelor’s-level
salaries
| |
|
|
Years experience post-terminal
degree |
|
Employer |
Sex |
Number
of
Respondents |
0-1 |
1-3 |
3-5 |
5-10 |
10-20 |
20+ |
| Consumer
product |
M
F |
2
4 |
40
25 |
-
- |
-
45 |
-
- |
-
70 (65-75) |
-
- |
| Pharmaceutical
industry |
M
F |
23
49 |
-
35 |
-
47 (45-55) |
45 (35-55)
50 (45-55) |
55(45-65)
57.5 (45-65) |
70 (65-75)
65 (45-75) |
83.3 (65-95)
82.5 (65-105) |
| Consultants |
M
F |
1
7 |
-
- |
-
- |
-
- |
-
45 |
-
70 (65-75) |
130
110 (95-135) |
| Chemical
industry |
M
F |
7
11 |
-
35 |
-
- |
-
- |
60 (55-65)
- |
-
65 (55-75) |
87 (75-105)
80 (55-95) |
| Contract
research |
M
F |
31
16 |
35 (25-45)
- |
30 (25-35)
35 |
-
- |
35
45 (35-55) |
57.8 (45-65)
50 (25-75) |
68 (55-85)
68.3 (65-75) |
| Academic |
M
F |
4
11 |
22.5 (20-30)
20 (15-25) |
25
20 |
-
- |
-
28.3 (15-35) |
-
- |
-
- |
| State/local
government |
M
F |
-
4 |
-
25 |
-
- |
-
- |
-
- |
-
- |
-
- |
| Federal
government |
M
F |
4
- |
-
- |
25
- |
-
- |
35
- |
-
- |
95
- |
| Others |
M
F |
7
- |
40 (35-45)
- |
25
- |
45 (35-55)
- |
-
- |
-
- |
90 (85-95)
- |
Note: Salaries are in thousands of U.S. dollars: mean (range
for ± 1 SD).
Table 4. 2001 Doctoral-level bonuses
| |
|
|
Years experience post-terminal
degree |
|
Employer |
Sex |
Number
of
recipients
a |
0-1
|
1-3 |
3-5 |
5-10
|
10-20
|
20+
|
| Consumer
product |
M
F |
42
— 84%
16
— 70% |
-
- |
-
- |
2
2 |
9.5
(2.9-20)
8
(5-11) |
39.2
(2.5-155)
17
(4-25) |
73.6
(2.5-150)
34
(12-50) |
|
Pharmaceutical industry |
M
F |
278
— 96%
96
— 98% |
-
- |
3.8
(.8-10)
5.2
(1.5-9) |
9
(1-15)
5.3
(1-15) |
10.8
(2.5-30)
14.9
(3.5-64) |
28
(1.5-150)
15.5
(1-70) |
38.4
(6-147)
15.7
(4-36.5) |
| Consultants
(employees) |
M
F |
36
— 55%
22
— 73% |
-
- |
-
- |
10
2.7
(1.5-3) |
15.7
(.5-40)
7
(2-14) |
8.9
(.6-30)
5.2
(1-10) |
34.2
(9-90)
10 |
| Chemical
industry |
M
F |
68
— 61%
36
— 72% |
5
- |
2
4.5 |
6.5
(4-9)
2.7
(1.9-4) |
9.7
(2-18.7)
9.5
(4-15) |
14
(.8-33)
8.2
(1.8-16) |
27.9
(2-300)
10
(3-20) |
| Contract
research |
M
F |
68
— 51%
17
— 36% |
-
- |
-
4 |
1.6
(.7-2.5)
5 |
7.8
(4.5-10)
3.3
(1.5-5) |
10.8
(2.5-25)
5.3
(2-9) |
31.7
(1.7-150)
16
(2-30) |
| Academic |
M
F |
19
— 7%
2
— 2% |
-
- |
.1
- |
.2
- |
-
- |
4.6
(.6-8)
- |
10.3
(.5-30)
9
(8-10) |
| State/local
government |
M
F |
3
— 5%
1
— 6% |
-
- |
-
- |
-
- |
-
- |
2
(1-3)
- |
1
10 |
| Federal
government |
M
F |
25
— 18%
8
— 13% |
-
- |
1.5
- |
-
- |
2.0
0.8
(.5-1.1) |
1.9
(.6-3.6)
7.5
(6-9) |
4.5
(.4-25)
1.9
(1-3) |
| Others |
M
F |
25
— 64%
8
— 57% |
-
- |
-
- |
-
- |
2.6
- |
33.4
(3-100)
25.2
(2.5-43) |
38.7
(10-125)
11.2 (3.5-20) |
Note: Bonuses
are in thousands of U.S. dollars: mean (range for ±
1 SD).
a Receiving bonuses/total (%).
Table 5. Geographic distribution of employed
doctoral respondents
|
State |
Number of respondents |
State |
Number of respondents |
| Alabama |
5 |
New
Hampshire |
2 |
| Alaska |
- |
New
Jersey |
138 |
| Arkansas |
13 |
New
Mexico |
11 |
| Arizona |
9 |
Nevada |
6 |
| California |
149 |
New
York |
75 |
| Colorado |
24 |
North
Carolina |
173 |
| Connecticut |
36 |
North
Dakota |
5 |
| District
of Columbia |
43 |
Ohio |
101 |
| Delaware |
27 |
Oklahoma |
8 |
| Florida |
28 |
Oregon |
11 |
| Georgia |
16 |
Pennsylvania |
82 |
| Idaho |
1 |
Puerto
Rico |
1 |
| Illinois |
88 |
Rhode
Island |
- |
| Indiana |
36 |
South
Carolina |
2 |
| Iowa |
6 |
South
Dakota |
1 |
| Kansas |
16 |
Tennessee |
17 |
| Kentucky |
16 |
Texas |
61 |
| Louisiana |
13 |
Utah |
5 |
| Maine |
8 |
Virginia |
46 |
| Maryland |
105 |
Washington |
33 |
| Massachusetts |
35 |
Wisconsin |
24 |
| Michigan |
91 |
West
Virginia |
9 |
| Minnesota |
30 |
Wyoming |
1 |
| Missouri |
7 |
Canada |
33 |
| Mississippi |
5 |
Not
reported |
54 |
| Nebraska |
5 |
|
|
Table 6.
Society affiliations of doctoral
respondents
| Professional
society |
Number of
national members responding |
| Society
of Toxicology |
1353 |
| American
College of Toxicology |
463 |
| Teratology
Society |
205 |
| Society
of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry |
96 |
| Environmental
Mutagen Society |
88 |
| American Chemical Society |
78 |
SRA,
ASSX, AACR, STP, ACVP, AVMA, ASPET, AAAS, DABT,
AACC, SFN, ACGIS, SFT, SSR, ASM, AIHA, APS, ABT, SNS, Sigma
Xi, NBTS, APHA, BTS, AAASOT, AAARTA, AAI, DIA, AGT, NCSOT,
Eurotox, AALAS, RAPS, ASCB, FASEB, ABVT, ASBMB, AAVCT,
ISRTP, ACGH, AAA, ES, AFS, IST,
SOTC, ASTM, SON, ASN, ACLAM, SOTP, SOFT, ESA, ASP, RSA,
ASCP, SQA, EB, MTA, BPS, ASSE, IFT, AAIH, NYAS, SIVB, GEMS,
AACT, GTA, ISPT, AHA, ABIH, AMA, SPB, AACP, SID, MISOT,
SPS, AIN, NTS, ASVCP |
fewer
than 75 employees |
Table 7. Recipients
of doctoral degrees (and survey
respondents) in toxicology by year
| Year |
Graduates |
Survey years
post-degree/respondents |
| 1981 |
|
20
+ / 733 |
| 1982 |
|
10-20/
586 |
| 1983 |
60 |
|
| 1984 |
97 |
|
| 1985 |
98 |
|
| 1986 |
104 |
|
| 1987 |
115 |
|
| 1988 |
111 |
|
| 1989 |
91 |
|
| 1990 |
86 |
|
| 1991 |
104 |
|
| 1992 |
99 |
5-10/254 |
| 1993 |
94 |
|
| 1994 |
87 |
|
| 1995 |
84 |
|
| 1996 |
86 |
|
| 1997 |
82 |
3-5/
80 |
| 1998 |
80 |
|
| 1999 |
80 |
1-3/
64
|
| 2000 |
78 |
|
| 2001 |
73 |
0-1/
25 |
Table 8. Geographic
comparison: doctoral-level salaries
| |
|
|
Years experience
post-terminal degree |
| State |
Sex |
Number of
respondents |
0-1 |
1-3 |
3-5 |
5-10 |
10-20 |
20 + |
| California |
M |
98 |
- |
75 |
75 |
106
(85-122) |
110
(85-150) |
122.3
(87-170) |
| |
F |
51 |
- |
45
(35-55) |
85 (75-125) |
101.2
75-125) |
106
(95-120) |
117.5
(85-180) |
| Illinois |
M |
63 |
55 |
70
(55-85) |
90 (75-125) |
91
(75-105) |
118
(85-150) |
- |
| |
F |
25 |
- |
- |
75 |
75 |
95
(75-150) |
106
(85-200) |
| Maryland |
M |
69 |
- |
60
(55-65) |
50 (35-65) |
85 |
88.3
(75-105) |
106.4
(85-127) |
| |
F |
36 |
- |
58
(45-65) |
65 |
57
(45-65) |
93.6
(65-135) |
123
(85-200) |
| Michigan |
M |
66 |
45 |
- |
85 |
85
(75-105) |
110
(55-138) |
128.4
(107-155) |
| |
F |
25 |
- |
- |
80 (75-85) |
110
(90-130) |
97.6
(75-148) |
65
(55-75) |
| North
Carolina |
M |
109 |
- |
47
(35-65) |
85 |
81.4
(65-85) |
103.7
(77-135) |
120
(75-125) |
| |
F |
64 |
35 |
55
(45-75) |
65 (55-85) |
73.8
(55-85) |
87
(65-95) |
99.4
(105-118) |
| New
Jersey |
M |
96 |
- |
- |
105 |
83
(65-95) |
115
(95-145) |
139.7
(105-145) |
| |
F |
42 |
35 |
- |
80 (65-85) |
85
(67-105) |
107
(95-125) |
107
(95-115) |
| Ohio |
M |
69 |
- |
70
(65-75) |
- |
87.8
(75-95) |
105
(77-125) |
123.5
(85-145) |
| |
F |
32 |
- |
75 |
85 |
75
(55-95) |
89
(75-105) |
105.5
(65-137) |
Note: Salaries are in thousands
of U.S. dollars: mean (range for ± 1 SD).
Table 9. Certification
and doctoral salaries
| Years
of experience |
Overall |
With certification |
Without certification |
| |
M |
F |
M |
F |
|
0-1
|
0/1 |
- |
45 |
56.4 |
46.2 |
|
1-3
|
5/6 |
67.8 |
72.5 |
67.8 |
68.4 |
|
3-5
|
14/5 |
74.5 |
68.3 |
69 |
64.2 |
|
5-10
|
86/56 |
93.9 |
126 |
85.8 |
82.4 |
|
10-20
|
241/85 |
122.5 |
98.3 |
102.8 |
92 |
|
20+
|
379/50 |
125.4 |
113 |
122.4 |
96.3 |
|
Respondents
|
|
716 |
223 |
514 |
254 |
Table 10. Self-employed
consultants: years so employed
| |
Respondents |
|
Years self-employed |
Males |
Females |
|
1 |
6 |
1 |
|
2 |
3 |
3 |
|
3 |
3 |
- |
|
4 |
1 |
3 |
|
5 |
6 |
2 |
|
5-10 |
11 |
3 |
|
10-15 |
7 |
1 |
|
15+ |
7 |
- |
Working part-time
118
Unemployed 38
Retired 147
Postdoctoral 74
There
were also 3 associate degree respondents.
Table
4 presents a summary of data on those 655 (41% of all employed)
doctoral recipients who received bonuses in addition to salary.
Table 5 presents a summary of the geographic distribution of the
doctoral-level survey respondents. Table 6 summarizes the major
professional society memberships of the respondents. Many respondents
belong to more than one society.
Table 7 summarizes, according to the National Research Council (NRC),
the numbers of individuals who have received their doctorates in
toxicology since 1983 (the first year that the degree was included
in the NRC annual summary) (National Research Council, 1999). Also
included is a summary of the number of doctoral respondents by years
post-degree.
Table 8 provides a summary analysis of the influence of geographic
location of place of employment on salaries for doctoral-level employees.
Table 9 provides a summary of the influence of certification (either
American Board of Toxicology or Academy of Toxicologic Sciences)
on doctoral and master's-level salaries.
Discussion and Conclusions
The 2001 survey results point to a number of different trends that
deserve attention. First, although the situation has clearly improved
for most entry-level and early-career positions, women continue
to be compensated at a lower level than their male counterparts.
Secondly, salaries as a whole have increased in the field, but the
most impressive differences are not by geographic location of place
of employment, but rather by type of employer. Finally, certification
continues to play a significant positive role in compensation.
It is interesting that the results for toxicologists in the 2001
AAPS salary survey (which appeared just as this article was finalized—AAPS 2001) are consistent with the results reported here.
References
AAPS (2001)
Salary and Employment Status Survey, AAPS Newsmagazine, December,
2001.
Gad SC. (1989) First international salary survey for toxicologist.
J Am Coll Toxicol 8:1053-70.
Gad SC. (1992) 1991 Toxicology salary survey results. J Am Coll
Toxicol 11:369-78.
Gad SC. (1996) Third Triennial Toxicology Salary Survey. J Am Coll
Toxicol 15:83-89.
Gad SC. (1999) Fourth Triennial toxicology Salary Survey. Inter.
Journal of Toxicol 18:219-224.
National Research Council. (1999) Doctorate Recipients from United
States Universities Summary Report. Washington, DC: National Research
Council.
Rossi PH, Wright JD, Anderson AB. (1983) Handbook of Survey Research.
New York, NY: Academic Press.
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